A hierarchical model that organises concepts from concrete and specific to abstract and general.

Repetition of a word or phrase at the start of successive clauses, or a word referring back to an earlier word for cohesion.

A statement someone strongly believes to be true, typically made without immediate proof.

Greek and Latin word parts that form the base meaning of many English words.

A term expressing individuality within a group—highlighting single units, distinct elements, or items considered one by one.

Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses, sentences, or verses for rhetorical or poetic effect.

A false or insincere apology that avoids taking responsibility, genuine remorse, or acknowledging harm.

A strong, abrupt expletive used to express intense emotion—often frustration, shock, or emphasis—in a sudden verbal outburst.

Rapid, unclear, or meaningless speech delivered so quickly that it becomes difficult to understand.

A brief, breath-like utterance expressing a sharp release of air, often signalling effort, relief, or emphasis in speech.

Rapid, excited, or chaotic speech marked by spontaneity, overlap, and energetic flow; often informal, animated, and slightly unruly conversational noise.

A brief, jumbled burst of mixed signals or fragmented communication, often creating momentary confusion, overlap, or noise between intended meanings.

A word with multiple meanings: commonly "yes" in Arabic, historically a term for property seizure in early English law, and "name" in Dutch.

The use of matching or repeated structures—such as words, phrases, or sentences—to create balance, rhythm, or clarity in writing.

A group of words repeated from another source because the wording is notable or useful.

A group of words built around a main verb, often including auxiliary or modal verbs, and sometimes objects, complements, or modifiers.